The universe is a single living, rational organism governed by Logos (divine reason/natural law). Matter and reason are not separate — Logos permeates all matter (materialist pantheism). The cosmos undergoes eternal cycles of conflagration (ekpyrosis) and regeneration (palingenesis). Everything that happens is determined by the chain of cause and effect (fate/heimarmene), which IS the Logos.

The four cardinal virtues derived from reason. The Dichotomy of Control: focus only on what is 'up to us' (our judgments, desires, actions) — external events are indifferent. Key texts: Epictetus (Discourses, Enchiridion), Marcus Aurelius (Meditations), Seneca (Letters).

To live in accordance with Nature (kata phusin) — meaning in accordance with the rational Logos that governs the cosmos. Virtue is the sole good; everything else (wealth, health, reputation, even life) is 'preferred indifferent.' The sage (sophos) has achieved perfect alignment with Logos. Eudaimonia (flourishing) is found in virtue alone.

Suffering is caused not by events but by our JUDGMENTS about events. 'It is not things that disturb us, but our judgments about things' (Epictetus). External events are morally neutral (adiaphora). What is 'up to us' is our response. This is the most radically internalist theodicy in the taxonomy — even more so than Buddhism, because Stoicism says the cosmos itself is perfectly rational and good.

The cosmos periodically dissolves into fire (ekpyrosis) and regenerates identically (palingenesis) — eternal return. There is no personal afterlife in most Stoic thought (the individual soul dissolves back into Logos). Some Stoics (Cleanthes) believed the soul persists until the next conflagration; others (Chrysippus) believed only wise souls persist. No judgment, no heaven/hell.