Balinese Hinduism (Agama Hindu Dharma)
Taxonomy Axes
Cosmogony & Origin
Blends Hindu cosmology (Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva) with indigenous animism. Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa is the supreme divine principle. The universe consists of visible (sekala) and invisible (niskala) realms. Cosmic balance between opposing forces (rwa bhineda) is fundamental.
Values & Ethics
Tri Hita Karana: harmony with God (parahyangan), people (pawongan), and nature (palemahan). Daily offerings maintain cosmic balance.
Purpose & Salvation
To maintain cosmic balance between visible and invisible worlds through ritual, offerings, and ceremony. To achieve moksha over many lifetimes. Balinese social structure exists to maintain this balance.
Suffering & Happiness
Suffering arises from imbalance between sekala and niskala worlds, negative karma, neglect of ritual, or malevolent spirits (buta kala). Ritual purification and offerings restore balance. Demons are pacified through offerings, not destroyed.
Eschatology
Follows Hindu cyclical cosmology (yugas) with Balinese ritual expression. Individual souls cycle through reincarnation; liberated souls become deified ancestors (pitara). Ngaben (cremation) ceremonies free the soul. No distinct Balinese apocalyptic tradition.
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